United States 2026 · Data

Every political advertiser

The 24,034 Facebook and Instagram pages that ran a domestic political ad paid in dollars from 4 May 2026, from Meta’s archive as pulled on 4 November 2026. Every page links to its own Vipima page, with its weekly spend, tone and costliest ads, and from there to Meta’s Ad Library; a party’s or candidate’s page links to that party or candidate.

Download every row as CSV · Browse by state on the map

FederalStateBallot measuresLocalNo specific race✕ clear state
Candidate resultWonLostNot yet called

Filtered to Maryland

471 pages · $2.8M on Maryland races

Dem. 73% · Rep. 14% · no side 13%

Maryland on the map: races and candidates →

158 pages · 4,184 ads · $1.2M

#PageTypeSideRaceResultAdsSpendIn MDImpressionsAttackLast ad
1Wes MoorePaid for by Wes Moore for MarylandCandidateDem.Governor, MD1,232$280.1K$280.1K~8.9M33%26 Oct
2Maryland Senate DemocratsPaid for by Maryland Democratic Senate Caucus CommitteePartyDem.Legislature, MD102$134.6K$111K~6.6M38%26 Oct
3Maryland House DemocratsPaid for by Maryland House Democratic Caucus CommitteePartyDem.Legislature, MD171$81K$79.7K~16.2M1.8%26 Oct
4United FrederickPaid for by United Frederick PACGroupDem.Governor, MD6$35K$35K~1.5M100%15 Oct
5Expanding Opportunities MarylandPaid for by EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES MARYLAND PACGroupDem.Legislature, MD16$27.7K$27.6K~1.3M0.0%22 Jun
6The Baltimore BannerMediaNoneLegislature, MD34$23.3K$20.7K~759.5K5.9%26 Oct
7Delegate Nic KipkePaid for by Friends of Nic KipkeCandidateRep.Legislature, MD20$19.9K$19.9K~1.2M53%26 Oct
8Senator Bill FergusonPaid for by Citizens for Bill FergusonCandidateDem.Governor, MD23$19.3K$19.3K~1.3M0.0%21 Jun
9Katie Fry Hester, Maryland Senate D9Paid for by Friends of Katie Fry HesterCandidateDem.Legislature, MD11$19.1K$19.1K~744.5K0.0%26 Oct
10Greg Wims for Delegate - District 39Paid for by Friends of Greg Wims, Henry Lee, TreasurerCandidateDem.Legislature, MD280$18.5K$18.5K~1M0.0%22 Jun
11Jessica Haire for State SenatePaid for by Friends of Jessica HaireCandidateRep.Legislature, MD33$18.2K$18.2K~808.6K3.0%24 Oct
12Matt Post for DelegatePaid for by Friends of Matt PostCandidateDem.Legislature, MD36$16.7K$16.7K~1.1M0.0%12 Jun
13Johnny Mautz, Maryland State SenatorPaid for by Friends of Johnny MautzCandidateRep.Legislature, MD108$15.7K$15.7K~928.6K24%23 Oct
14Senator Dawn GilePaid for by Committee to Elect Dawn GileCandidateDem.Legislature, MD11$16.7K$13.7K~1.8M0.0%26 Oct
15Senator Carl JacksonPaid for by Citizens for Carl JacksonCandidateNoneLegislature, MD12$13.6K$13.6K~573.5K0.0%26 Oct
16Chuck Cook for Delegate 33BPaid for by Chuck Cook for Anne Arundel CountyCandidateRep.Legislature, MD30$12.4K$12.4K~2.3M21 Oct
17Senator Nancy KingPaid for by Friends of Nancy KingCandidateDem.Legislature, MD24$11.9K$11.9K~402.6K0.0%20 Jun
18Spencer Dixon - Democrat for DelegatePaid for by Dixon for MDCandidateDem.Legislature, MD36$11.6K$11.6K~1.7M0.0%22 Jun
19Delegate Marc KormanPaid for by Friends of Marc KormanCandidateDem.Legislature, MD3$9.7K$9.7K~290K10 Jun
20Leave No One Behind SlatePaid for by Leave No One Behind Legislative SlateGroupDem.Legislature, MD8$9.1K$9.1K~303.6K0.0%23 Jun
21Sheariah Yousefi for Delegate 34BPaid for by Committee to Elect Sheariah YousefiCandidateRep.Legislature, MD45$7.6K$7.6K~853.3K13%22 Jun
22Sheet Metal Air Rail and Transportation WorkersPaid for by INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SHEET METAL AIR RAIL & TRANSPORTATION WGroupDem.Governor, MD4$8.9K$7.5K~265.5K26 Oct
23Spencer Rhoda For DelegatePaid for by Vote RhodaCandidateRep.Legislature, MD6$11.5K$7.4K~332.5K33%26 Oct
24Friends to Elect Chao WuCandidateDem.Legislature, MD27$8.6K$7.4K~408.2K0.0%25 Oct
25Delegate Jesse PippyPaid for by Friends of Jesse Pippy, Daniel W. Hemp TreasurerCandidateRep.Legislature, MD19$9.3K$7K~509.1K32%24 Oct
26The Committee to Elect Raj GoelCandidateRep.Legislature, MD15$9.3K$6.8K~503.5K20%23 Oct
27State Senator MD RahmanCandidateDem.Legislature, MD36$12.4K$6.7K~821.2K2.8%26 Oct
28Western Maryland 1stGroupNoneLegislature, MD22$9.2K$6.7K~581K68%26 Oct
29Dan Cox for GovernorCandidateRep.Governor, MD18$6.6K$6.6K~1.7M7.7%15 Oct
30Maryland Republican House Caucus CommitteePaid for by Maryland House Republican Caucus CommitteePartyRep.Legislature, MD15$7.1K$6.5K~402K93%26 Oct
31Amar MukundaPaid for by Friends of Amar MukundaCandidateDem.Legislature, MD17$6.7K$6.4K~1.3M12%21 Jun
32Courtney Watson - State DelegatePaid for by Friends of Courtney WatsonCandidateDem.Legislature, MD4$6K$6K~373.5K12 Jun
33Maryland RealtorsPaid for by Maryland Realtors IECGroupDem.Governor, MD2$5.5K$5.5K~550K27 May
34Friends of Kevin FordCandidateNoneLegislature, MD73$8.2K$5.2K~467.8K11%24 Oct
35Senator Paul CordermanPaid for by Friends of Paul CordermanCandidateRep.Legislature, MD11$5.5K$5.1K~447K0.0%25 Oct
36Delegate Marlon AmpreyPaid for by Citizens for Marlon AmpreyCandidateDem.Legislature, MD5$4.3K$4.3K~1.1M10 Jun
37Dianté EdwardsPaid for by Friends of Diante EdwardsCandidateDem.Legislature, MD28$5.1K$4.3K~376K0.0%23 Jun
38Senator William FoldenPaid for by Friends of William FoldenCandidateNoneLegislature, MD3$4.2K$4.2K~505K21 Oct
39Chuck For MarylandPaid for by Friends Of Chuck BorgesCandidateNoneLegislature, MD88$4.6K$4.2K~280.1K28%26 Oct
40Amar MukundaPaid for by FRIENDS OF AMAR MUKUNDACandidateDem.Legislature, MD31$5.1K$4K~949.6K11%19 Jun
41BJ Hall for State DelegatePaid for by Citizens for William BJ HallCandidateRep.Legislature, MD27$4K$4K~305.3K44%26 Oct
42Delegate Jessica FeldmarkPaid for by Friends of Jessica FeldmarkCandidateDem.Legislature, MD2$3.6K$3.6K~107.5K23 Oct
43Senator Justin ReadyPaid for by Friends of Justin ReadyCandidateRep.Legislature, MD6$4.9K$3.6K~447.5K33%14 Oct
44Together For A Better Maryland SlateCandidateRep.Legislature, MD19$4.3K$3.6K~518.7K100%26 Oct
45Sierra Club Political Committee - Maryland Chapter PACGroupDem.Legislature, MD5$3.4K$3.4K~582.5K0.0%21 Oct
46Maryland Senate RepublicansPaid for by Maryland Senate Republican Caucus CommitteePartyRep.Legislature, MD1$3.2K$3.2K~225K9 Oct
47Delegate Barry BeauchampPaid for by Friends of Barry BeauchampCandidateNoneState40$9.4K$3.2K~767.1K29%26 Oct
48Joan Barone Cole for District 31 DelegateCandidateNoneLegislature, MD11$2.9K$2.9K~773.6K0.0%25 Oct
49Heidi Schmidt for Delegate, District 31Paid for by Friends of Heidi SchmidtCandidateNoneLegislature, MD13$2.9K$2.9K~542.7K0.0%25 Oct
50Matt Fox for State SenatePaid for by Friends of Matt FoxCandidateNoneLegislature, MD46$4.4K$2.7K~284K20%22 Jun
51Mohan4marylandPaid for by Jyoti MohanCandidateNoneLegislature, MD8$2.7K$2.7K~668.6K22 Oct
52Maryland Freedom CaucusPartyRep.Legislature, MD15$2.5K$2.5K~269K20%22 Oct
53Delegate April RosePaid for by Friends of April RoseCandidateRep.Legislature, MD2$2.5K$2.5K~167.5K5 Jun
54Delegate Mark ChangPaid for by MARK FOR MARYLANDCandidateDem.Legislature, MD4$2.5K$2.5K~162K19 Jun
55Delegate Robin GrammerPaid for by Friends of Robin L. Grammer Jr.CandidateRep.Legislature, MD54$3.1K$2.3K~197.3K56%26 Oct
56Delegate Julian IveyPaid for by Friends of Julian IveyCandidateDem.Legislature, MD5$2.2K$2.2K~342.5K0.0%13 Jun
57Elliott Herneker for Maryland 34APaid for by Elliott J Herneker For District34ACandidateNoneLegislature, MD36$2.2K$2.2K~149.5K5.6%26 Oct
58Jake Taylor for MarylandPaid for by Friends of Jake TaylorCandidateRep.Legislature, MD3$2.1K$2.1K~106K5 Jun
59Vote Sunil DasguptaCandidateDem.Legislature, MD10$2.1K$2.1K~165.6K20%21 Jun
60Matt Johnston for DelegatePaid for by Friends of Matt JohnstonCandidateNoneLegislature, MD7$3.2K$2K~177K43%26 Oct
61Delegate Matt MorganPaid for by Citizens for Matt MorganCandidateRep.Legislature, MD18$2.8K$2K~305.5K22%26 Oct
62Kate Stein for D18Paid for by Kate Stein for D18 CandidateDem.Legislature, MD16$3.8K$2K~655.7K0.0%23 Jun
63Ryan NawrockiPaid for by Friends of Ryan NawrockiCandidateRep.Legislature, MD39$3.2K$2K~341.8K27%26 Oct
64Craig HayesPaid for by Friends of Craig HayesCandidateDem.Legislature, MD23$2.8K$1.9K~440.9K22%21 Jun
65Tiffany Welch for BaltimorePaid for by Friends of Tiffany WelchCandidateDem.Legislature, MD25$1.9K$1.9K~221.5K0.0%13 Jun
66Stanford FraserPaid for by Friends of Stanford FraserCandidateNoneLegislature, MD6$2.5K$1.8K~162K0.0%9 Jun
67Christa Tichy for DelegatePaid for by Christa Tichy for Montgomery CountyCandidateDem.Legislature, MD2$1.8K$1.8K~75K2 Jun
68Kathy SzeligaPaid for by Friends of Kathy SzeligaCandidateRep.Legislature, MD20$1.8K$1.8K~257.2K47%26 Oct
69Donald 4 DelegateCandidateNoneLegislature, MD5$1.7K$1.7K~137K0.0%20 Oct
70Delegate Geno ChiarelliCandidateRep.Legislature, MD17$2.6K$1.7K~111.7K0.0%26 Oct
71Katie Clendaniel for Senate D-37Paid for by Friends of Kathleen ClendanielCandidateNoneLegislature, MD6$1.7K$1.7K~415.5K0.0%21 Oct
72Mike McKayPaid for by CITIZENS TO ELECT MIKE MCKAY CCFCandidateRep.Legislature, MD12$1.7K$1.7K~185.5K0.0%14 Oct
73Delegate Kevin HornbergerPaid for by Friends of Kevin HornbergerCandidateRep.Legislature, MD10$1.6K$1.6K~237K0.0%20 Jun
74Alicia for Maryland Paid for by Friends of Alicia Contreras-DonelloCandidateDem.Legislature, MD17$1.5K$1.5K~78.2K0.0%23 Jun
75Christopher S. ReedPaid for by Committee For Christopher ReedCandidateNoneLegislature, MD32$2.4K$1.5K~200.7K22%19 Jun
76Reelect Del. Kris ValderramaPaid for by Citizens for Kris ValderramaCandidateDem.Legislature, MD2$1.4K$1.4K~104.5K10 Jun
77Amy Leahy for State SenatePaid for by CITIZENS OF AMY LEAHYCandidateNoneLegislature, MD10$1.4K$1.4K~274.5K20%21 Oct
78AAPI United in Action SlateGroupDem.Legislature, MD32$1.9K$1.4K~317.3K81%26 Oct
79Satish For 7ACandidateNoneLegislature, MD27$1.4K$1.4K~49.9K0.0%26 Oct
80Steve Whisler for Maryland State DelegateCandidateRep.Legislature, MD5$1.3K$1.3K~69.5K20%19 Jun
81Dr. Saif RehmanPaid for by Friends of Saif RehmanCandidateNoneLegislature, MD9$1.3K$1.3K~309K0.0%25 Sep
82Kevin Ford, Jr. for MarylandPaid for by Friends of Kevin Ford JrCandidateDem.Legislature, MD4$1.3K$1.3K~220K26 May
83Steve Patten for DelegatePaid for by Friends of Steve PattenCandidateNoneState2$2.5K$1.2K~187.5K15 Oct
84Friends of Andrew Pruski - House of Delegates 33APaid for by Friends of Andrew PruskiCandidateDem.Legislature, MD1$1.2K$1.2K~187.5K4 Jun
85Lyon for DelegatePaid for by Citizens for Anthony LyonCandidateNoneLegislature, MD5$1.2K$1.2K~196.1K0.0%21 Oct
86Gabe Sorrel for Maryland District 19Paid for by FRIENDS OF GABRIEL SORRELCandidateDem.Legislature, MD5$1.2K$1.2K~105.5K0.0%7 Jun
87Ryan Turner for Maryland District 41Paid for by Citizens for Ryan TurnerCandidateNoneLegislature, MD3$1.1K$1.1K~65K18 Jun
88Mofor 4 MarylandCandidateRep.Legislature, MD13$1.1K$1.1K~82.6K62%21 Oct
89Delegate Dana JonesPaid for by Friends of Dana JonesCandidateDem.Legislature, MD2$1.1K$1.1K~187.5K15 Jun
90Delegate Vaughn StewartPaid for by Friends of Vaughn StewartCandidateDem.Legislature, MD4$1.1K$1.1K~262.5K12 Jun
91Malcolm Ruff for SenatePaid for by Malcolm P Ruff Committee forCandidateDem.Legislature, MD12$1.1K$1.1K~186.5K42%22 Jun
92Senator Kevin M. HarrisPaid for by Friends of Kevin M. HarrisCandidateNoneLegislature, MD3$1K$1K~110K16 Oct
93Delegate Brian ChisholmPaid for by Citizens for Brian ChisholmCandidateRep.Legislature, MD4$998$998~178K26 Oct
94Team 40 Unity SlateCandidateDem.Legislature, MD12$994$994~138.1K0.0%12 Jun
95Karen Lewis Young for SenatePaid for by Friends of Karen Lewis YoungCandidateDem.Legislature, MD5$1K$898~48.5K0.0%26 Oct
96Delegate Stephanie SmithPaid for by Friends of Stephanie SmithCandidateDem.Legislature, MD4$898$898~160K11 Jun
97Vote Sonya DunnPaid for by Sonya Dunn for MarylandCandidateRep.Other statewide, MD7$747$747~43.6K26 Jul
98Senator Ron WatsonPaid for by Friends of Ron WatsonCandidateNoneLegislature, MD11$1.4K$698~127.5K0.0%27 Sep
99Council Member Robert WuPaid for by Campaign to Elect Robert WuCandidateDem.Legislature, MD5$1.2K$698~217K21 Jun
100Delegate Denise RobertsPaid for by FRIENDS OF DENISE ROBERTSCandidateDem.Legislature, MD11$1K$697~147.6K0.0%5 Aug
101Dr. Lou Bartolo Maryland Senate Candidate District 16Paid for by Friends of Lou BartoloCandidateNoneLegislature, MD10$695$695~51.1K30%23 Jun
102Nico Sanders for Md Delegate 11APaid for by Friends of Nico SandersCandidateNoneLegislature, MD5$648$648~45.5K0.0%22 Jun
103Jeff McDonald for Delegate 42BCandidateRep.Legislature, MD4$598$598~42K25 Oct
104Delegate Mike GriffithPaid for by Friends Of Mike GriffithCandidateRep.Legislature, MD6$597$548~62K0.0%18 Jun
105Go Green 2026-Andy Ellis For GovernorPaid for by Campaign Donations for Andy EllisCandidateNoneGovernor, MD15$743$545~21.9K6.7%26 Oct
106John Myrick for Governor of MarylandCandidateRep.Governor, MD2$499$499~45K22 Jun
107Seth Funk for DelegateCandidateNoneLegislature, MD7$947$498~145.5K29%14 Oct
108Corynne Courpas for State DelegateCandidateNoneLegislature, MD4$498$498~121K23 Oct
109Jeremy Amason for DelegateCandidateNoneLegislature, MD13$644$495~34.1K44%20 Oct
110Friends of Mark FisherCandidateRep.Governor, MD3$949$450~87.5K18 Oct
111Lisa Lowe for DelegatePaid for by Lisa Lowe For DelegateCandidateRep.Legislature, MD9$446$446~22.5K11%19 Jun
112Destiny Drake WestPaid for by Destiny West for the PeopleCandidateNoneLegislature, MD7$647$399~40.5K0.0%9 Jun
113Citizens for Crystal Jackson ParkerPaid for by Christianne Marguerite BharathCandidateDem.Legislature, MD2$399$399~107.5K11 Jun
114Raaheela AhmedPaid for by Citizens for Raaheela AhmedCandidateDem.Legislature, MD2$399$399~30K1 Jun
115Alleria 4 State DelegatePaid for by Citizens for Alleria StanleyCandidateDem.Legislature, MD4$398$349~49K16 Oct
116Mike Rogers - Delegate for District 32Paid for by Campaign for Mike RogersCandidateNoneLegislature, MD9$446$347~27K0.0%21 Jun
117Aruna MillerPaid for by Friends of Aruna MillerCandidateDem.Other statewide, MD7$347$347~14.5K0.0%24 Oct
118Westdorp4SenatePaid for by Friends of Lara WestdorpCandidateNoneLegislature, MD2$299$299~31K26 Oct
119Delegate Todd B. Morgan - District 29CPaid for by Friends of Todd MorganCandidateRep.Legislature, MD2$299$299~25K26 Oct
120Ed Hale for GovernorCandidateRep.Governor, MD2$299$299~29K17 Jun
121Yonelle Moore Lee for Delegate District 27A Paid for by Friends of Yonelle Moore LeeCandidateDem.Legislature, MD5$348$298~24.5K5 Jun
122Elect CAGER for 41Paid for by People For Chezia CagerCandidateDem.Legislature, GA17$1.1K$297~98.5K18%19 Oct
123Scott Ortis for State SenateCandidateNoneLegislature, AL18$11.1K$250~1.1M7.1%17 May
124Shawn Maldon for Delegate 27APaid for by People For Shawn Maldon, Kenneth Staton, TreasurerCandidateNoneLegislature, MD1$250$250~55K6 Jun
125Antoine M. Thompson For DelegatePaid for by Committee to Elect Antoine M. ThompsonCandidateDem.Legislature, MD4$298$249~85K15 May
126Friends For Henry CiezkowskiPaid for by Citizens For Henry CiezkowskiCandidateRep.Legislature, MD3$249$249~40.5K16 Jun
127Senator Dalya AttarPaid for by Dalya Attar for BaltimoreCandidateDem.Legislature, MD3$249$249~26.5K30 May
128State Representative Jennifer LeeperPaid for by Jennifer Leeper 2026. Approved by Jennifer Leeper.CandidateDem.Legislature, CT113$5.6K$248~258.5K4.4%26 Oct
129Chris Brown for State Senate - Promoting Values that Shape a Rising FutureCandidateNoneState38$3.2K$199~259.3K0.0%26 Oct
130Friends of Tamika MappCandidateDem.Legislature, NY15$1K$199~92.6K20%22 Jun
131Abena Affum-McAllisterPaid for by friends of Abena Affum-McAllisterCandidateRep.Legislature, MD3$249$199~11.5K21 Oct
132Alison Rudolph for State Delegate CandidateDem.Legislature, MD2$199$199~11K22 Oct
133Stephanie PopescuPaid for by Friends of Stephanie PopescuCandidateNoneState8$5.3K$198~165K5 Jun
134Anderson Jean Candidate for Maryland House Of Delegates 2026CandidateDem.Legislature, MD4$198$198~6.6K22 Jun
135Jennifer Clancy- Candidate for Delegate, Maryland 29APaid for by Friends of Jennifer Clancy, Alanna Taylor, TreasurerCandidateNoneLegislature, MD4$198$198~3.6K19 Jun
136Judge Hanni for Court of Appeals Paid for by Hanni for JudgeCandidateNoneOther statewide, OH31$5.3K$150~386.3K0.0%26 Oct
137Mike Zullas for State SenatePaid for by Committee to Elect Mike ZullasCandidateRep.Legislature, MA20$4.3K$150~405K5.0%29 Aug
138Jason Fowler for State Senate D-27CandidateNoneState5$1.2K$150~389K3 Jun
139Keenon For MarylandPaid for by Friends of Keenon JamesCandidateNoneGovernor, MD1$150$150~12.5K20 Jun
140Burhan Azeem for State SenateCandidateDem.Legislature, MA201$18K$149~1.7M24%29 Aug
141Angela AngelPaid for by Angel For All CandidateDem.Legislature, DE5$448$149~30.5K17 Jun
142Vote Dayana Bergman for House Delegate District 5Paid for by Friends of Dayana BergmanCandidateNoneState8$396$149~15K0.0%19 Oct
143Anthony TilghmanPaid for by Friends of Anthony TilghmanCandidateNoneLegislature, MD5$248$149~18.5K0.0%20 Jun
144Jeff WaldstreicherPaid for by Friends of Jeff WaldstreicherCandidateDem.Legislature, MD3$149$149~3.5K16 Oct
145Adrianne Mathis for MarylandCandidateDem.Legislature, MD3$149$149~1.6K23 Jul
146Mike Stanik for Democracy & BaltimoreCandidateDem.Legislature, MD3$149$149~20.5K8 May
147Crystal Woodward for DelegateCandidateNoneLegislature, MD2$99$99~6K4 Oct
148Delegate Dr. Jay JalisiPaid for by Friends of Jalisi, Inc.CandidateDem.Legislature, MD2$99$99~13K10 Jun
149Baltimore City Democratic State Central CommitteePartyDem.Legislature, MD2$99$99~11K2 Jun
150Dorchester County Republican PartyPaid for by Dorchester GOPPartyRep.Legislature, SC52$3.6K$50~509.8K21%26 Oct
151Shannon Welsh for House of Delegates 2026Paid for by Committee to Elect Shannon WelshCandidateDem.Legislature, WV6$1.5K$50~102K0.0%22 Oct
152Senator Jack BaileyPaid for by Friends of Jack BaileyCandidateNoneState9$1.4K$50~104.5K26 Oct
153Christopher Ratliff For House Of Delegates Paid for by Committee to elect Christopher Ratliff CandidateNoneLegislature, WV25$1.2K$50~31.9K8.0%2 Oct
154Carl Kinsky for State Rep 145Paid for by KINSKY FOR 145CandidateRep.Legislature, MO18$891$50~50K67%26 Oct
155Senator Clarence LamPaid for by Friends of Clarence LamCandidateDem.Governor, MD2$99$50~14K13 Jul
156Lee Havis for SenatePaid for by Havis for SenateCandidateNoneLegislature, MD1$50$50~3.5K12 Aug
157Senator Charles E. Sydnor IIICandidateDem.Legislature, MD1$50$50~1.5K12 Jun
158Maggie Gosewisch Anne Arundel Democratic Central Committee 12B CandidatePaid for by Friends of Maggie GosewischCandidateDem.Legislature, MD1$50$50~4.5K6 Jun

Spend and impressions are midpoints of Meta’s ranges, impressions capped at “1M+” per ad. Type, side and race come from a model reading each ad; a page shows the side and race most of its spend went to. Attack is the share of a page’s classified ads that attack a named opponent, shown from five ads. See the methodology.